Burner flame length calculation. 3 FLAME PROPAGATION SPEED1.

Burner flame length calculation [14] measured the temperature and outlet syngas composition at different heights of the gasifier at a 1 t/d gasification test facility to investigate the influence of oxygen supply angle (7° and 16°) on gasification conditions. , 2018) or micro-jet array burner (Kuwana et al Jan 1, 2010 · Where H Flame is the flame height (m), and L Flame is the flame length (m) Figure 9 shows a comparison between the CFD predictions of flame dimensions (length and height) and the predictions of Eq Flame lift-off . Recommended burner for your firetube 2. Get a quote in minutes In particular, the NH 3 flame failed to form an effective combustion zone in the combustion chamber at AHL = 5828 kW, as shown in Fig. 478 Where Q is duty of burner and A , B are constant. e. 60 for high sooting fuels (e. Two different model architectures were tested and evaluated to determine which one performed best. , alcohol) to 0. A FIND YOUR PERFECT BURNER SOLUTION. The flame length L is calculated using the distance formula: （2） L = ∂ ( x 1 - x 0 ) The document discusses burner design concepts, including flame momentum and shaping. Additional capabilities include simulation of surface reactions, which can be used to represent processes such as combustion on a catalytic surface or chemical vapor deposition processes. It is measured on a slant when the flames are tilted due to effects of wind and slope. It can be seen from the cloud diagram that the length of the single-stage flame meets the flame space span requirements, and the overall flame length is close to 10 m. This burner is typically mounted horizontally, but can be mounted in any direction. This is the result of many years of experience in the field, a specialised technical body, and customer feedback. However, irrespective of the shape, the flame must Keywords: backing, fireline intensity, flame length, flame zone depth, heading, line fires, Byram’s intensity. 8 ADJUSTMENT OF FLAME DIRECTION1. Important! Different than FSim - IFTDSS LBP calculates burn probability and conditional flame length for a fixed set of weather conditions for a single burn period. , 2017;Jia et al. It then shows sample calculations for radiation and convection losses for cylindrical and conical cyclones using the provided formulae and temperature data. ‹ cement kiln and combustion calculations, flame momentum calculation, primary air percentage, burner tip velocity, Theoritical flame temperature The flame length is the distance between the flame tip and the midpoint of the flame depth at the base of the flame. the combined Craya-Curtet number and the excess air were the most important parameters affecting the flame length, 2. Therefore, considering the actual flame shape, the flame length is estimated to be 30 mm. Y. 1994). Flame dimensions are best measured in experimental fire situations where there is prior knowledge of the expected spread direction and reference height markers can be prepositioned. Flame Height Observing Flames, as proxy for fireline intensity and indicator of tactical limitations, requires careful observation of flame length versus flame height. Most burner vendors estimate the width of flame as 2 to 2. Many experimental investigations [45] [46] [47][48][49 The results and implications of this study are summarized as follows: 1. 1 Group I1. How do you calculate burner flame length? Flame length = 0. burner-stabilized flame (4) Burner-stabilized flat flame; Burner-stabilized flame with imposed temperature profile; Burner-stabilized flame including ionized species; Freely-propagating flame with charged species; catalysis (8) Catalytic combustion of a stagnation flow on a platinum surface; Zero-dimensional reactor with surface chemistry the kiln, while the alkali jet length corresponds to the flame length in the kiln [4]. 2 LENGTH OF THE FLAME1. 9 = 7,220 kW. So the straight tube length would equal 19. Based on these results, the quenching distance estimate of flame height and length compared to measurements based on video analysis (Adkins et al. WHAT YOU'LL RECEIVE 1. Oct 24, 2018 · Flame dimensions reflect the rate of energy released by a spreading fire (Fig. CGA requires two flame rods on burners over 36" long (914 mm). Introduction Correlations of flame height or length L (m) with Byram’s fireline intensity I B (kW m−1) of wildland fires (Byram 1959; Thomas 1963) are used for modelling heat transfer by radia- The study shows that after adding an adaptive structure with the appropriate structural parameters, the experimentally measured flame length and the NOx emission had been reduced by about 48. 25 0 71. New influencing design and operating parameters—primary air swirl number, primary air inlet annulus diameter, and secondary air temperature Flame Height and Plume Centerline Temperature Calculator This calculator was devleloped by Dr. Flame stability is a well-known problem in the power industry where low-quality fuel is fired and combustion conditions change rapidly. Calculate the air requirements of the burner using the following formula: BTU x (% excess air + 100) = CFM air through burner 600,000 4. Select a burner from Table 1 which has the air capacities calculated in step 3. The higher the fuel velocity is, the longer the flame length becomes. MW conventional burner, leading to capital and operational expenditure savings. Although there are many methods available for flame monitoring and characterization, very few are suitable for flame stability monitoring Jan 1, 2008 · Using an acid-alkali visualization technique, we studied the flame length in a lime kiln with a separate noncondensible gas (NCG) burner, as a function of the combined Craya-Curtet number (combined Ct) and excess air. Flame length and angle measurements are made Jan 1, 2019 · The physical model indicates that the flame length of a turbulent slot flame is proportional to (Fr m) 1/3 and (Fr m) 0 respectively when the flame is buoyancy-dominated and momentum-dominated. The Large Fire Simulation Model (FSim, Finney and others 2011) used in many national, regional, and unit level assessments, calculates results based on variable weather inputs for fires burning multiple days throughout an entire The stoichiometric length/st of the flame is understood as the distance from the nozzle to the point on the axis of the flame in which the stoichiometric ratio of fuel and oxidizer is reached. Kryzhanovsky STRUCTURE & CALCULATION OF A GAS FLAME 539. proves the pilot flame without spark prior to opening the main gas valves. Apr 1, 2024 · The maximum temperature in the x = 13. Presented here is a set of equations that can be used to calculate characteristics of burner operation, including flame length, flame diameter, ignitability and flameout conditions. Primary air momentum is a key metric and examples are provided to demonstrate how it is calculated. Example: required In (c), with the burner completely removed, all flames were being generated from the module itself and flare-like flames were observed from the module, with flame lengths as shown in Figure 4: the Flame length has been shown to be related to fireline intensity, and is used as a surrogate to estimate fireline intensity because it is easier to observe and measure in the field. We define the flame area A flame dimensionless as the number of pixels that are assigned to the flame region divided by the number of pixels of the whole cross-section of the burning chamber. 8476’, which is well below the API 560 maximum of 60’ for this type furnace. burner designs in order to develop its new generation of burners: the D-Flame. 1). Figure 2 shows how the distribution of primary air injection (axial and radial air) impacts the air-fuel mix and therefore, the flame profile. V. Optimised axial tip geometry for energy savings A point often neglected by most burner OEMs is the burner tip’s pressure The document provides formulae for calculating radiation and convection losses. It may also result in flame impingement on furnace tubes. 4 IGNITION OF THE FUEL1. 1" Length Barbecue Replacement Parts with Evenly Burning for for Premium Gas Grills 4. times the kiln diameter in length measured from the discharge end of the kiln, without the dam; 6 to 8 times the kiln diameter. 02 \cdot 3 = 4. Results from an international study on total heat Jan 29, 2020 · CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation using a commercial package (Fluent-ANSYS) on industrial rotary kilns using annulus-type burners and methane gas was carried out to examine the characteristics of the flame length and flow visualization. (2) Determine whether the flame will impinge upon the cable tray. Exercise 24—Using the Behave Calculator Jan 10, 2020 · Open flame burners are those burners where the flame is not confined as is the case in radiant tubes, nor are the flames primarily attached to a surface as in porous refractory burners. is the condition, in which the flame and a burner become separated. Unstable flames often lead to lower combustion efficiency, higher pollutant emissions, and other operational problems. Flame shape and size for a high-pressure turbulent non-premixed swirl combustion were experimentally investigated over a wide range of varying parameters including fuel mass flow rate, combustor pressure, primary-air mass flow rate, and nozzle exit velocity. Understanding flame height is essential for fire safety planning and risk assessment. Different Flame Geometries and Single Droplet Burning Solutions for the velocities and the mixture fraction fields for some typical laminar flame configurations. 5(h'). 2. 7). 8947 ‐ 1. orienting the NCG burner at an angle between 0o and The Behave Calculator is hardwired into ArcFuels10 and uses the same equations as the SURFACE module in Behave Plus. Nov 15, 2014 · Calculate the flame length for a 150 MW fire in a tunnel with dimensions of 6 m high and 6 m wide (H × W) at a longitudinal velocity of 3 m/s, respectively. If the jet velocity is further increased, the flame moves downstream to a position where it stabilizes. Therefore, this paper focuses on the study of the air distribution ratio in a smaller power burner with a flue gas self-circulation structure. Kris Overholt and it is based on a Matlab script by Randall McDermott. Calculate the flame height and plume centreline temperatures of a fire based on correlations by Heskestad and McCaffrey. Jul 1, 2019 · The flame detection is not only necessary for the flame stability calculation but also for deriving measures like flame length, flame area etc. Feb 1, 2024 · The second model is used to predict the flame lift-off length from the flame images. For a one-step large activation energy reaction and with the assumption of constant properties the burning velocity s L is modified by these two effects as s0 L is the burning velocity for an unstretched flame and is the Markstein length The length of the cylindrical channel output injectors can be assumed: . 1. A flat-flame entrained-flow pulverized coal/char reactor (EFR) was designed to study the ignition and combustion characteristics of pyrolyzed bituminous (PB) char particle stream of 53–80 μm size. 1% in Fig. 5 ft) above the top of the burner/pan lip/fuel surface. Flame length is constantly 3. If the heat release rate is 5000 kW and the fire diameter is 3 meters, the flame height calculation would be: \[ H = 0. 2 max max 3600 f W V F]]] Where V]max - the maximum power of the burner flame in m3/h; - The maximum permissible speed of the fuel gas in the burner channels 85 feet burner length calculation + LONG SIDE CALCULATION Input king post height (a) Input burner long length (b) Input offset of base plate from king post ( c ) Effective length 32. 01 Translated by author from Russian Kyiv Flame length is the distance measured from the average flame tip to the middle of the flaming zone at the base of the fire. Ultra-low NOx burners are more prone to flame interaction in multi-burner heaters. 0 at steps Δε = 0. from publication: Effects of coaxial airflow swirl number on combustion and flame Mar 14, 2025 · Flame height is the average height of flames as measured vertically, up and down. 50 m (1. When the amount of residual fuel was 1% in Fig. A number of calculation models exists in the literature, characterized by different levels of accuracy and complexity. It provides an agenda, descriptions of burner components and design concepts, and calculations for determining input design data, constants, burner capacity, theoretical air amount, and primary air momentum. Spread distance, in chains, is the distance of forward fire spread for a specified amount of time. 3) Phase locked averaging over 9 periods of modulation ©Sebastien Candel, June 2019 Flame ! tube! Upstream! cavity! Injector! Full computational Flame stretch consists of two contributions: One due to flame curvature and another due to flow divergence. The new D-Flame burner is the product of a complete analysis of factors crucial to burners’ performance enhancement, such as the Sep 29, 2016 · For designing a flat-long-flame device for heating tube furnaces, it is essential to determine the optimum length of the flames (with due regard for the fuel type) based on the efficiency criteria (which must tend to the maximum), namely, the uniformity of heating of the screen surface across the furnace height and the total heat received by the screen, which vary inversely with the increase the flame length of a low-power fuel burner with a flue gas self-circulation structure. Waste Gas Firing. Flame length will be assumed at 2 ft/MM Btu/hr. mensions, most manufacturers predict a flame length of 1. 8-2. For the first run we will consider 4 burners on a 3 ft burner circle, with 10° half jet angle and 12 in dia. Flame dynamics can also be investigated with Large Eddy Simulations! 1. 3 FLAME PROPAGATION SPEED1. to calculate the Previous Post Next Post Contents1 EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CEMENT KILN FLAME1. +8 2D axisymmetric computational domain and boundaries. Kryzhanovsky V. 1 ft) from the center of the burner/fuel and 0. The flame diameter, and to a certain extent flame length, is guided by the shape of the burner block. 6 SHAPE OF THE FLAME1. N. Introduction Correlations of flame height or length L (m) with Byram’s fireline intensity I B (kW m−1) of wildland fires (Byram 1959; Thomas 1963) are used for modelling heat transfer by radia- Sep 1, 2011 · The flame appearance and emission characteristics of a LPG inverse diffusion flame (IDF) are studied experimentally in a coaxial burner. Mar 14, 2025 · Flame height is the average height of flames as measured vertically, up and down. Burner capacity = boiler capacity/ efficiency Example: boiler capacity of 6,500 kW, efficiency of 90 % → burner capacity = 6,500 kW / 0. 1 FLAME CHARACTERISTICS1. The results, for the first time, give a physical verification on the previous scaling laws on buoyant turbulent slot flame in literature. The flame was impinged on a stainless steel wire mesh coated with nickel Aug 25, 2024 · So if you want a gas as a source, find some gas burner, and check how much power it gives per volume of flame. Modern burners likely can be much better than just an open flame, with swirls to assist the mixing. 0059*Q^0. The manufacturer reports a ± 3 % calibration expanded uncertainty for these devices 25. It is also important to identify whether the observation is for head, flank, or back of the fire. At the same time, the flame rigidity is good. [13], flame length [14,15], flame tilt angle structure is considered. Flame length is an indicator of fireline intensity. Calculate the minimum Btu/hr rating of the selected burner 4. As the rate of energy released per unit area of the flame front increases, due to a faster spread rate and/or a higher quantity of volatilized fuel, so does the volume and dimensions of the flame front (i. Mar 12, 2023 · The value of ε varied in the range from 0. The Behave Calculator can be used to quickly assess changes to modeled surface fire rate of spread and flame length for changes to fuel model, slope, fuel moisture, and/or wind speed inputs. Flame length methodology In fire models with a CFD framework the flame length is not generally a direct output of the model and must be inferred in some way. We will for simplicity always assume Le = 1 and c Aug 31, 2024 · The average flame length was calculated from the entire burner. 5 times the block diameter. Flashpoint . The flame length increases with an increase in the combined Ct and The study shows that after adding an adaptive structure with the appropriate structural parameters, the experimentally measured flame length and the NOx emission had been reduced by about 48. 9 TEMPERATURE OF THE FLAME EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CEMENT KILN … VEVOR Grill Burners, Stainless Steel BBQ Burners Replacement, 1 Pack Grill Burner Replacement, Flame Grill with 16. Flame length The flame length is measured as the distance between the flame tip and the base of the midpoint of the flame at ground level. 7 DIRECTION OF THE FLAME1. • burner capacity regulation method 2 Calculate the burner capacity. The flame length methodology is presented and demonstrated for propane jet fires, although its extension to other fuels and types of fire is straight forward. For a given burner design and kiln geometry, flame length is influenced by (1) fuel type and flow rate, (2) ratio of primary combustion air to secondary combustion air, (3) flow rate and May 19, 2022 · Experimental flame length measurement corresponding to the 4-mm diameter burner for 100% CH 4 in the jet and 30% O 2 in the co-flow. The radial flame then heats the surround- Oct 3, 2024 · Example Calculation. 3 71. Room Dimension: Width (feet) x Length (feet) x Ceiling Height (feet) = Total Cubic Feet. It may be less than flame length if the flames are angled in the horizontal direction, backward or forward. 10 x 10 x 8 = 800 2. 2 meters when methane was injected from 18 burners. The combined Ct and excess air are the dominant parameters affecting the flame length, shape, and temperature. 5 to 1. the flame length increased with an increase in combined Ct, and with a decrease in excess air, and 3. A . 7 out of 5 stars 12 Keywords: backing, fireline intensity, flame length, flame zone depth, heading, line fires, Byram’s intensity. Calculate the wal l flame hei ght of the fire and d etermine whether the flame will impinge upon the cable tray. 235 \cdot 5000^{2/5} - 1. A cabl e tray is locat ed 8 f t abov e the fire. The data used for the training, validation, and testing of the models was collected from the automatic calculation of the flame lift-off length (see Fig. The bottom of the fire sources is 1 m (H ef = 5 m) above the tunnel floor. 94 \text{ meters} \] Importance and Usage Scenarios. The flame length of non-swirling IDFs steadily increases with increase in the fuel jet velocity. Although there are many methods available for flame monitoring and characterization, very few are suitable for flame stability monitoring A laminar flame burner was utilized to establish a rich premixed propane/air flame at the equivalence ratio Φ = 1. Flame height can be approximated by comparing the flame to an object of known dimensions, such as a pole, fencepost, or firefighter. 6% The burners are to be used in fully vented fireplaces only; Burners are to be used with natural gas only; Take your measurements in inches; Please take your measurements at the fireplace floor; The calculator assumes that the H-shaped burner will be positioned with the front "burner bar" 4 inches back from the front edge of the fireplace floor For a given burner design and kiln geometry, flame length is influenced by (1) fuel type and flow rate, (2) ratio of primary combustion air to secondary combustion air, (3) flow rate and Mar 14, 2025 · Image Return to Top Observing Flame Length vs. Open flame burners are normally visible to the naked eye where the radiant heat from the flame, rather than from a surface heated by the flame, can directly Flame stability is a well-known problem in the power industry where low-quality fuel is fired and combustion conditions change rapidly. First thing I am asked to validate the spreadsheet for Project use which I almost have finished doing except structure is considered. 0471 = 18. 5 OXYGEN ENRICHMENT1. Comparison of available options 3. This calculator is powered by the free and open source tools Python , Numpy , and matplotlib , and the source code is freely available here . With our calculator you'll be able to easily find the burner that's best for your application. Materials: All portions of the burner exposed to flame are cast iron or #321 stainless steel. 5 to 2. 478 May 29, 2010 · Burners are critical for the successful operation of industrial furnaces. Based on the assumption of fast chemistry we will then be able to calculate the flame contour defined by the condition Z(x,t) = Z st. Therefore, it is always recommended to carry out a burner test. The excess acid is defined as the amount of acid remaining after the complete neutralization of the al-kali jet. Dec 31, 2016 · This chapter discusses calculating heat transfer in furnaces, which includes two parts: calculating the heat transfer in the combustion chamber, and calculating the heat transfer in the convection On the other hand, the hydrogen flame can also be directly employed as a heat source by using a porous medium burner (Nozari et al. 2. 0 meters/MM kcal for forced draft burners. Flame length is an observable, measurable indicator of fireline intensity. The lift‐off velocity is defined as the mean jet velocity at which the flame becomes lifted above the jet exit rim. g. is the lowest temperature, at which the fuel produces enough vapours to form a flammable mixture with air at its surface [1]. 95 m (3. 6% R = radial distance from the center of the flame to the edge of the target (m) c r = fraction of total energy radiated In general, c r depends on the fuel, flame size, and flame configuration, and can vary from approximately 0. Because of high energy density of hydrocarbon fuels, combustion-based micro-power devices are a more attractive option for portable power generation than rechargeable batteries [18][19][20][21][22]. edu Radiant-wall burners provide a flat, radially projected flame pattern (Figure 7). The total length of the flame lf, or simply the length of the flame, is taken as equal to the • FlameMaster: A C++ Computer Program for 0D Combustion and 1D Laminar Flame Calculations •Premixed and non- premixed •Steady and unsteady •Emphasis on pre- and post-processing 6 days ago · To calculate the flame length, we denote the pixel coordinates of the burner exit as (x 0, y 0) and the coordinates of the farthest visible brightness point of the flame propagation as (x 1,y 1). Froude number (Fr) Flame tilt from vertical l length of pool fire lf Flame length m burn mass burning rate per unit area m max maximum mass burning rate p wind profile exponent depe ndant on Pasquill Stability Class q x radiant heat flux (thermal radiation) per unit area at distance x Q* dimensionless heat release rate The calculation of the consequences associated with a pool fire consists in a stepwise procedure where a number of parameters must be characterized, which depend on the geometrical size and shape of the flame. 7 (a) and 0. And I am given an excel-spreadsheet created by someone else to calculate the 3D points radiation data for the current flaring data. 3 3 Gas burners: Required gas flow [mn/h] = (burner capacity [ kW ] x 3. , the height, length and depth). Therefore, we developed a methodology to simulate the flame length as a function of the Ct and the excess air. Aug 5, 2024 · The flame length is the distance from the burner (fuel) exit section to the point on the center line where the composition is stoichiometric. 91. The burner is mounted flush through a furnace-refractory- lined casing, with its tip projecting a short distance into the radiant chamber. surface of the heat flux gauges were located 0. Small gas burners often use catalyst that you likely wont be able to afford for a big burner, keep this in mind too. , hydrocarbons). Ignition Mode. 25 107s Mesh : 6 millions cells AVBP LES flow solver Time step : Subgrid model : WALE Thickened Flame Model (thickening factor F=3. 6)/gas’s calorific value [MJ/m3n]. The effect of RFGR on flame length is also investigated. The measurements were carried out over the flame length at the heights H = 9 (at the level of burners), 14, and 16 m through the available inspection hatches . To calculate the radiant heat flux, former studies mainly focused on how to determine the first three variables on the right side of equation (2). There are formulas to calculate orifice flow rates, primary air injection, burner flame heights, proper venturi throat diameters and other critical characteristics of burner operation. Use a flame monitoring endplate (see Data 140-6) to mount a second flame rod on the end opposite the gas inlet. What is the flame length (L f, ds) if the tunnel instead is 6 m high and 12 m wide? Burner operating and flame momentum calculation Plant name Date Calculations by: Dudfield 6/4/2018 SKY-IN Inputs: Barometer Relative Humidity Ambient temperature Production Air density, at fan inlet Design data: Type Nominal heat consumption Maximum thermal output Jul 19, 2008 · Flame Length Calculation - posted in Relief Devices Forum: Hi all,I am working with a group on "Flare-Radiation Study Project" for an existing platform. is the velocity of the flame with the respect to a fixed observer [3]. Flat Flame Burner and Flame Structure • We will first calculate flame shapes is the burning velocity for an unstretched flame • is the Markstein length . 25 Length of shackle (u) (ft) Length of sling (v) (ft) Length of shackle (w) (ft) Length of fish plate (x) (ft) Length of shackle (y) (ft) Length of • Thermodynamics, flame temperature, and equilibrium • Governing equations • Laminar premixed flames: Kinematics and burning velocity • Laminar premixed flames: Flame structure • Laminar diffusion flames • FlameMaster flame calculator Jul 15, 2010 · Flame stability is usually characterized by lift‐off velocity, lift‐off height, and blow‐out velocity. 3 m plane is 2651 K, and the minimum is 573 K. Download scientific diagram | Employed flowchart to calculate flame lift-off height, length, and width. We will investigate what makes an atmospheric gas burner perform properly and identify the “rules of the road” relative to good burner design. Flame length, CO and NO x emissions are examined at different equivalence ratio and swirler vane angle. For a given burner design and kiln The burner is the core device that organizes the formation of the lean-oxygen combustion flame. Assum ptions: See full list on cefrc. Dec 1, 2007 · Using an acid-alkali visualization technique, we studied the flame length in a lime kiln with a separate noncondensible gas (NCG) burner, as a function of the combined Craya-Curtet number Apr 1, 2021 · Hasemi and Nishihata [16] conducted an experimental study on rectangular propane burners with a length–width ratio (n) from 1 to 10 and found that there is a considerable influence of burner shape on flame height and temperature distribution. Solution Pur pose : (1) Calculate the wall flame height. Park et al. 5. l b (3 y 4)d b Calculation of passage sections of channels produced by the greatest power on the burner formula: . The bigger the particle diameter is, the longer the flame length becomes. Sample calculations are also shown for flame momentum using coal consumption, heat consumption, and retraction methods. Flame length can be monitored by recording the temperature profile on the kiln shell, a significant drop in temperature will show at the end of the flame. Example: 10 feet by 10 feet with 8 foot ceilings. 1. Fuel velocity and particle diameter are two main influencing parameters on the flame length. A CFD simulation was conducted to predict the flame profile. 7 (b), the flame length was analyzed to be 30 mm and 123 mm, respectively. May 1, 2010 · (Page 1) Burners are critical for the successful operation of industrial furnaces. princeton. This research can play In PFR kilns, the flame length was calculated at about 5. Q is heat released (lower heating value) in BTU/hr hfv is flame height in feet Since he assumed a 45 degrees angle, the flame length is: Flame length = 0. Determine the excess air ability of the selected burner using Jan 1, 2022 · The flame has a steady and stable flame root anchored near the entrance to the burner, yielding a "V" shaped flame in Stage 1, and a transient lift-off event is observed in Stage 2. Also, if a burner supplier has a sufficiently large heater, try to test two or more burners with the same spacing as the Flame Height and Temperature Calculator. Meanwhile, a theoretical calculation was also performed to estimate flame Rotary kiln calculations, Burning zone load, volumetric loading, Radiation Losses, Convection Losses, Flame momentum, Burner tip velocity, Calorific value longer flame length. Flame speed . counterflow (strained) premixed flames. burner-stabilized premixed flames. counterflow diffusion flames. 15 for low-sooting fuels (e. pnof jozb pubn mgf xpvga acdb wznt kfebqhe zjtvzpmd jemndsha mcbn itgvtbmh iog tzsjzthm ecdfj