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    Leptospirosis statistics in malaysia. State Health director Dr Ismuni Bohari said these.

    Leptospirosis statistics in malaysia Methodology. May 22, 2019 · Background Leptospirosis is still endemic in Malaysia and has been prevalent in Selangor where cases have been underreported. Morbidity expressed per 100 000 population A systematic review of published morbidity and mortality studies and databases was published to extract information on disease incidence and case fatality ratios. Overall age-standardized incidence rate of leptospirosis in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 was 29. 8 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 (26) to 8. In India, following a case–control study after flood, two-thirds of leptospirosis cases were found among those aged 15–34 years. Primarily, this was due to lack of awareness in the urban community in this region. , 2019). 02 per 100,00 population, and the overall case with leptospirosis were obtained from the Public Health Laboratory, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia and control serum samples (n=10) were obtained from healthy student volunteers. Local data revealed that the incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia is increasing from 1. • While leptospirosis occurs worldwide, it is more common in tropical or sub-tropical climates. This study determined the knowledge, This paper reviews the literature on leptospirosis in Malaysia from its first description in 1928 until the present day. Descriptive analysis showed 87 % (n=274) of them had good attitude towards leptospirosis and its prevention. This paper introduces the willingness-to-contribute (WTC) method for estimating the economic benefit of preventing leptospirosis. The average incidence (AveI) Background: Leptospirosis is still endemic in Malaysia and has been prevalent in Selangor where cases have been underreported. , 2016; Garba et al. Today at least 33,000 cases with 450 deaths have been recorded since its gazettement as a notifiable disease in 2010. Age 0–14 Dec 25, 2021 · In the year 2014, Malaysia experienced the highest number of reported leptospirosis cases due to the devastating flood that affected most of the states ( Benacer et al. With increasing incidence in Selangor, Malaysia, and frequent climate change dynamics, a study on the disease hotspot areas and their association with the hydroclimatic factors would further enhance disease AbdulWahab Z. Participants in adventure sports and exotic tourism should be aware of potential exposure to unusual and emerging infectious agents. This review aims to provide the current status of leptospirosis in Malaysia and the direction for future studies. The number of cases has risen dramatically since the Ministry of Healt … May 1, 2016 · Statistic for leptospirosis cases in Malaysia for the 2-year survey period showed that, the overall case incidence rate for leptospirosis was 29. Epidemiology and Current Situation of Leptospirosis in Malaysia. 6. This study determined the knowledge, attitude and preventive practice (KAP) of leptospirosis, and identified the significant predictors influencing Dec 4, 2022 · There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals, the occurrence of which increases markedly during and after heavy rainfall and flooding. As a tropical country, there is a concerning trend of leptospirosis infection in Malaysia. In Malaysia, leptospirosis is endemic and gazetted as a notifiable disease since December of Statistics Malaysia (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2019). Although leptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia, the prevalence is highest in most states in Peninsular Malaysia with Kelantan, Perak, Selangor and Pahang among the highest (El Jalii and Bahaman, 2004; Ridzlan et al. 5%), cerebrovascular diseases (6. , 2017a). Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government. The clinical presentation of leptospirosis is variable. Co-infection of leptospirosis with other acute febrile illness is common. Leptospirosis is endemic in Southeast Asia, Central and South America Mar 8, 2018 · Spatial variation in leptospirosis occurrence can be seen in the following figure of incidence map in the different periods throughout the flooding. This study determines the spatial-temporal distribution of leptospirosis in relation to environmental factors after a major flooding event in Kelantan, Malaysia. Jan 1, 2018 · A Geographical Information System on Related Environmental Factors of Leptospirosis in Northeastern State Malaysia. Despite the increasing incidence rate, knowledge on the economic assessment of preventing leptospirosis is still limited. The layman term of ‘rat urine disease’ contributed the most to the misconceptions regarding leptospirosis. , 2002). Department of Statistics Malaysia (2011) ABSTRACT. 2014. ukm. The mean (SD) percentage score for attitude was 85. 02 per 100,000. in rodents and small mammals in Malaysia. Leptospirosis has been on the rise in Malaysia in recent years [1, 2], where it has been designated a notifiable disease since 2010. Co-infection of leptospirosis–malaria is not uncommon due to their overlapping geographical distribution in the tropics. We conducted focus group discussions and data were examined using thematic analyses. 9 A total of 12,325 cases with 338 deaths were reported between 2004 and 2012. 8. In recent years, an increase in the incidence of human leptospirosis in Malaysia has been observed to coincide with severe flooding in some major states, including Kelantan and Selangor (Garba et al. UHLG Statistics 2013 [Internet]. Previous studies have demonstrated that leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia occurring in Jul 7, 2021 · Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by the pathogen Leptospira, and it can spread indirectly or directly from infected animals to humans. Sources: Ministry of Health Malaysia (10,13,19–24); Department of Statistics Malaysia (1). Aim. Jan 12, 2019 · Leptospirosis is still endemic in Malaysia and has been prevalent in Selangor where cases have been underreported. Patients presenting with symptoms and signs of organ dysfunctions or require … The history and epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia from 1925 to 2012 are described. However, the epidemiological Feb 29, 2020 · The disease leptospirosis is known to be endemic in Malaysia, and it significantly impacts human wellbeing and the national economy. Apr 12, 2017 · Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans and animals by direct or indirect contact with urine or body fluids from infected animals especially rodents. The objective of this study is to … Nov 1, 2023 · Leptospirosis is a re-emergence of zoonotic disease with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, the genus Leptospira contains 64 species isolated from human, animals and environments. Leptospirosis occurs worldwide but prominent occurrences are found in countries with tropical climates. Leptospirosis is directly or indirectly transmitted to humans [5] through contact with BMC public health, 2018. Introduction Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria from the genus Leptospira. 4%) and malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus & lung (2. Sep 30, 2024 · Leptospirosis and enteric fever are prevalent tropical acute bacterial febrile illnesses in Kelantan, Malaysia, that exhibit overlapping features and shared transmission dynamics, yet their spatial Aug 1, 2011 · [Both melioidosis and leptospirosis are acquired from contact with contaminated water. Disease incidence is known to be attributed to environmental and social conditions which promote the spread of reservoir hosts, primarily rodents. Feb 1, 2018 · Although leptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia, the prevalence is highest in most states in Peninsular Malaysia with Kelantan, Perak, Selangor and Pahang among the highest (El Jalii and Bahaman, 2004, Ridzlan et al. Data from an observational study conducted from 2013 to 2016 in seven cities across Indonesia was used to estimate the incidence of leptospirosis and document its clinical manifestations in patients requiring hospitalization. Rodents and other small animals thrive under these conditions. The incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia from 2004 to 2020 varied; however, a large number of cases occurred during The Department of Statistics Malaysia had documented that in 2018 there was 10. With increasing incidence in Selangor, Malaysia, and frequent climate change dynamics, a study on the disease hotspot areas and their association with the hydroclimatic factors would further enhance disease There is a growing recognition that leptospirosis is an important cause of an acute febrile illness: leptospirosis has been shown to be the cause of 5–69% of acute undifferentiated or non-malarial fever cases in different parts of the world [16,18,32–38,62]. Kota Kinabalu is the capital of Sabah and it has a population of 553,900. Previous studies have demonstrated that leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia occurring in both urban and rural locations. leptospirosis prevalence in humans is of great public health concern, particularly in Malaysia [1,4]. , 2010, Shafei and Sulong, 2012). 2 The Ministry of Health Malaysia has declared leptospirosis a notifiable disease since 2010 together with publication of guidelines for its diagnosis and management as well as increased See full list on hctm. This study aimed to describe and compare the demographic, clinical and laboratory features of leptospirosis–malaria co- infection (LMCI) against leptospirosis mono-infection (LMI) in Peninsular Malaysia. It asks about signs of stroke, transient ischemic attack manifestations, critical interventions after lumbar puncture, medications to prevent stroke, cardiopulmonary resuscitation ratios, components of the cardiac cycle, causes of arrhythmias, target organs in Here, we investigated an outbreak of leptospirosis among reserve military recruits that occurred following a survival exercise in the Hulu Perdik forest within the Hulu Langat district, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nov 1, 2018 · Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia. Yet, 2023 has shown a worrying surge. The aim of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospiral Nov 1, 2021 · Background Leptospirosis diagnoses have increased in Sarawak, Malaysia in recent years. Mar 12, 2018 · Severe floods increase the risk of leptospirosis outbreaks in endemic areas. 03 cases in year 2004 to 30. Dec 12, 2023 · Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease that is transmitted worldwide through infected small mammals such as rodents. Outbreaks mostly follow heavy rainfall and flooding which tend to wash off rodent urine and feces Apr 7, 2021 · ABSTRACT Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and a worldwide public health problem that affects mainly high-risk groups. Fletcher described a first human leptospirosis case in 1925 (Fletcher, 1928). . 45 per 100,000. Data based on ethnicity was available only for a 3-year period (2010–2012). Aug 28, 2021 · Knowledge, A ttitude and Practic e Survey on Leptospirosis Among Army Personnel in Malaysia (Nur Syahmina Rasudin, Nor Azwany Y aacob, Kamarul Inr an Musa, and Aziah Bin Daud – School of Health BMC Infectious Diseases. There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1. We conducted a review of published studies on incidences, case reports, sero May 1, 2016 · Population statistics based on sex and ethnic groups by state for the 9-year period (2004–2012) were obtained from the Malaysian Department of Statistics (Malaysian Department of Statistics, 2014). Data of patients admitted to various Apr 3, 2016 · The history and epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia from 1925 to 2012 are described. 1, Jalan Setia Murni, U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor. Challenge-Sabah 2000—Borneo, Malaysia, 2000 that Leptospira were the cause of illness and that water from the Segama River was the primary source of infection. The number of cases has risen dramatically The first human case of severe leptospirosis in Malaysia was diagnosed in 1927 (El Jalii and Bahaman, 2004). Keywords: leptospirosis; wet market workers; intervention; health education 1. In our study, we identified Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis was gazetted as a notifi-able disease in Malaysia since December 9, 2010 under the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988. 8% of international migration to Malaysia [13]. This is because the humid weather and climate conditions in Malaysia are conducive for the growth of the leptospires Oct 25, 2018 · Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia. 47% for 2-year period and overall age-standardized mortality rate was 0. For a discussion of leptospirosis see ProMED post Leptospirosis, fatal - Malaysia (02): (KH) 20100824. Dec 17, 2019 · Introduction. Before flooding, leptospirosis is endemic in many different subdistricts all over Kelantan with the highest incidence in Olak Jeram (Kuala Krai district) with an incidence rate of 190. Dec 12, 2023 · This review compiled the studies of leptospirosis in Malaysia focusing on the isolation and detection of leptospires in animals, environment, and humans as well as leptospirosis cases reported in the local newspapers. The incidence rate of leptospirosis in Malaysia is between 2 to 5 per 100,000 populations (El Jalii et al. 8% of international migration to Malaysia . Blood samples from the 12 patients that presented symptoms for febrile illness on clinical … The history and epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia from 1925 to 2012 are described. climates (Haake & Levett, 2014). A total of 508 human … May 1, 2016 · Overall case fatality rate was 1. , temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity to predict weekly leptospirosis incidences using a machine learning classification algorithm (Rahmat et al. Jun 21, 2024 · ALOR STAR, June 21 — A total of 105 leptospirosis cases were recorded in Kedah from January until June 8, with one fatality. , 2017 ). We hypot … Leptospirosis is endemic in Malaysia, and the first case was reported in 1925. Environmental hygiene in the wet market has established a link between the presence of rodents with probability of leptospirosis infection. There were Jun 18, 2024 · The leptospirosis outbreak in Malaysia serves as a stark reminder of the persistent threat posed by infectious diseases, particularly in vulnerable communities. The controversial hydroelectric Bakun Dam, (see Nov 1, 2021 · Background Leptospirosis diagnoses have increased in Sarawak, Malaysia in recent years. In Malaysia, the endemicity of leptospirosis in human is concentrated in areas where rats were highly populated such as in residential and recreational areas with improper trash management and poor sanitation. 2 per cent), followed by pneumonia (12. 00 per 100,000 population), and Department of statistic Malaysia reported in the press release statistics on causes of death, Malaysia 2017 that the principal causes of death in the year 2016 was ischaemic disease (13. Overall case fatality rate was 1. We conducted an observational ecological study involving incident leptospirosis cases, from the 3 months before, during, and three months after flood, in Nov 18, 2020 · A recent study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia used similar predictors, i. According to the official statistics from the Malaysian Ministry of Health, leptospirosis outbreaks appeared to be in the most critical condition in the recent few years. A study was conducted in the Rejang basin of Sarawak from June 2011 to May 2013 to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among the communities and dominant infecting Leptospira serovars. 2. The statistics in Malaysia has shown an increasing trend of suspected leptospirosis cases and reported deaths Feb 19, 2020 · Leptospirosis has been reported as an endemic in most tropical countries. Mar 12, 2018 · Spatial variation in leptospirosis occurrence can be seen in the following figure of incidence map in the different periods throughout the flooding. Characterizing knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among high-risk groups is important to develop appropriate prevention programs. Leptospirosis Health Intervention Program was an effective health educational tools to improve awareness and preventive behaviours among risk groups such as wet market workers. 8%. Statistics on Leptospirosis Cases in the Philippines . Identification of high risk occupational group and history of recent recreational activity will help to increase the index of suspicion to diagnose leptospirosis among febrile inpatients due to its mimicking … Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease globally and is endemic in Malaysia. A dramatic increase in the number of cases has been reported over Leptospirosis occurs worldwide and can be a serious public health issue in a humid tropical and subtropical country such as Malaysia. Weestimated thelevels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, leptospirosis show elevated levels of TNFIL-10, and TNF-α in serum samples by a Luminex assay. 4 per 1000 live births (7). Sep 30, 2024 · Leptospirosis and enteric fever are prevalent tropical acute bacterial febrile illnesses in Kelantan, Malaysia, that exhibit overlapping features and shared transmission dynamics, yet their spatial Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease in temperate regions but an endemic disease in countries with tropical climates such as South America, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. 1–67. Background The burden of leptospirosis in Indonesia is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a new knowledge, attitude, belief and practice (KABP) questionnaire on leptospirosis for use in urban and rural populations in Malaysia. Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia and recently has received increasing attention mainly due to several recent incidents that have resulted in human mortality which have alarmed This study shows a relatively high seroprevalence of leptospirosis in northeastern Malaysia. 2%). Here, we performed a cross-sectional study among 300 visitors of a recreational forest in Malaysia to examine leptospirosis KAP and The under-5 mortality rate in Malaysia dropped from 16. 0952. This study was aimed to compare the level of knowledge, attitude and LEPTOSPIROSIS Fact Sheet for Clinicians Background • Leptospirosis is a disease that is caused by spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira. A well-being program was conducted to determin … Microsoft Word - Guideline Leptospirosis 2011 edited 260911 Leptospirosis is endemic in LMS district of Perak with high incidence and case fatality rate. In Malaysia, leptospirosis was gazetted as a notifiable disease since December 2010 under the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2011). Leptospirosis is an emerging disease, especially in countries with a tropical climate such as Malaysia. Nov 10, 2020 · Urban sanitation workers are among the occupations that may have high risk of leptospirosis in Malaysia. Although leptospirosis cases have been reported in Malaysia since the 1920s, the actual disease burden in the country is unknown due to it not being a notifiable disease under the Prevention and Control Nov 1, 2021 · Background. This study determined the knowledge, attitude and preventive practice (KAP) of leptospirosis, and identified the significant predictors influencing KAP among urban community in Hulu The first human case of severe leptospirosis was recognized in 1927 in Malaysia. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira, which according to genetically based classification has 19 species comprising of 13 pathogenic and 6 saprophytic Leptospira species (Adler and de la Peña Moctezuma 2010). Infection can be associated with wide clinical spectrum varying from asymptomatic to severe multi-organ syndrome with life-threatening consequences. Identification of Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis is important to decipher the epidemiology and transmission pattern of this disease. 32 (8. In Malaysia, leptospirosis is considered an endemic disease, with sporadic outbreaks following rainy or flood seasons. Therefore, the study aimed to describe its epidemiology within the last 5-year in the state of The majority of leptospirosis cases in the Philippines were reported in CARAGA, with 196 cases in 2023. Infectious Diseases Weekly Reports were used to determine the numbers and crude incidence rates of leptospirosis. , 2010; Shafei and Sulong, 2012). Jun 19, 2018 · The document contains multiple choice questions related to nursing care, cardiovascular system, hypertension, and endocarditis. Sector for Information Research Resource (NIH Library) Blok D1, NIH No. During this age of climate change, the incidence of tropical diseases may change. One of the major international migrations in Malaysia was among the refugee community. Malaysia Leptospirosis research network (MyLepto) was formed in 2015 to understand the issues or challenges related to leptospirosis in Malaysia. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Keywords: leptospirosis, Malaysia, retrospective study, emerging zoonoses. This study was designed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices (KABP) toward leptospirosis among the communities in northeastern Malaysia and to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with the KABP toward leptospirosis. Mar 23, 2020 · Author summary Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. This makes an urgent call to study the carrier status of pathogenic leptospires infecting the human through the study of Leptospira sp. 22161/ijreh. Current surveillance systems are based on morbidity and mortality leptospirosis national data from the Ministry of Health and remain inadequate due to the number of unreported and misdiagnosed cases. In Malaysia, there is a paucity of information on the animal reservoirs PubMed Central (PMC) provides free access to biomedical and life sciences research articles. Most of the early reports were on investigations of leptospirosis in wildlife and man and up-to-date, thirty-seven leptospiral serovars from thirteen serogroups have been bacterio … Sep 30, 2024 · Leptospirosis and enteric fever are prevalent tropical acute bacterial febrile illnesses in Kelantan, Malaysia, that exhibit overlapping features and shared transmission dynamics, yet their spatial Attitudes towards leptospirosis Attitude items consisted of 13 statements depicting good and unacceptable attitude towards leptospirosis preven-tion. 17 The same finding can be seen in areas where leptospirosis is endemic Contact. Rapid urbanization, rural-to-urban migration, and undocumented immigration in Sabah have increased the pressure on the urban garbage disposal system. The literature search for this review was performed using PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar databases. Timely intervention, coupled with proactive measures to enhance public health infrastructure and awareness, is essential in mitigating the impact of such outbreaks. _ • Leptospirosis Malaysia Epidemiology Public health ABSTRACT Introduction: Leptospirosis is a re-emergence of zoonotic disease with significant morbidity and mortality. , 2018). Probable case of leptospirosis is The Department of Statistics Malaysia had documented that in 2018 there was 10. State Health director Dr Ismuni Bohari said these Abstract. Leptospira has been isolated from wild and domestic animals as well as from the environment; among them, several novel species have been identified. Leptospirosis is an emerging public health concern in Malaysia and may pose a significant health Dec 12, 2023 · The incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia from 2004 to 2020 varied; however, a large number of cases occurred during floods. Nov 10, 2020 · Leptospirosis is a public health challenge in Sabah State of Malaysian Borneo. There are 10 pathogenic species, and more than 250 pathogenic serovars. 45 to 25. 9%), transport accidents (5. Methods To better understand the burden of disease and associated risk factors, we evaluated 147 patients presenting with clinical leptospirosis to local hospitals in Sarawak, Malaysia for the presence of Leptospira and associated antibodies. Methods To better understand the burden of disease and associated risk factors, we evaluated 147 patients The statistics in Malaysia has shown an increasing trend of suspected leptospirosis cases and reported deaths since it has been gazetted as a notifiable disease in 2010. Similarly, over 18 antigenically Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) and***Department of Zoology, UNIMAS, Sarawak Abstract Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia and recently has received increasing attention mainly due to several recent incidents that have resulted in human mortality which have alarmed health professionals in Malaysia. The disease is biphasic in nature, with acute flu-like symptoms at the onset lasting for about a week, followed by antibody production and excretion of leptospires in the urine in the second week of illness. May 15, 2023 · There has been an increase in leptospirosis incidence in Malaysia from 1. Malaysia is known to be a location in which leptospirosis is endemic among the south-east Asia region and significantly impacts human wellbeing and the national economy (Garba et al. Sera and urine specimens collected during the acute illness phase Leptospirosis is a re-emergence of zoonotic disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Data were stratified by sex AbdulWahab Z. Despite the endemicity of leptospirosis, the pub-lic’s knowledge, attitude, and practice level are relatively low in this country. 94 cases per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2014. Using autocorrelation function and artificial neural network (ANN) with back-propagation, the study showed Leptospirosis Outbreaks Zoonotic infectious disease a b s t r a c t Leptospirosis is an emerging disease, especially in countries with a tropical climate such as Malaysia. Population growth, by age, 2009–2018. 26 More cases among males with similar mean age of 31 were also found after an outbreak of leptospirosis after flood in the Philippines. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus <i>Leptospira</i>. Persidangan Kesihatan Persekitaran Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan 2015; 2015; Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan (Malaysia): Local Government Department. This study compared the epidemiological characteristics and trends of leptospirosis in Japan between the endemic region, Okinawa, and the rest of the country. 10 According to the Ministry of Health Malaysia, 11 Terengganu was among the five states in Malaysia with the highest number of leptospirosis cases (≈8. 2971, and for melioidosis, see Melioidosis - Australia (02): (NT) 20100325. Among high risk occupations, leptospirosis includes workers in agriculture and domestic animal industries. Jul 18, 2018 · This qualitative study aimed to explore the misconceptions, knowledge gaps and constructs of leptospirosis among 72 respondents from rural and urban districts in two states of Malaysia. 9 per 1000 live births in 2000 (26), and plateaued until 2017 at 8. Sep 30, 2024 · Leptospirosis and enteric fever are prevalent tropical acute bacterial febrile illnesses in Kelantan, Malaysia, that exhibit overlapping features and shared transmission dynamics, yet their spatial Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by the pathogen Leptospira, and it can spread indirectly or directly from infected animals to humans. p. Malaysia has been accepting refugees from a humanitarian point of view, and the country did not sign the Refugee Convention [14,15]. my In Malaysia, leptospirosis infection and death were mostly associated with recreational and non-recreational water activities. A dramatic increase in the number of cases has been reported over the last decade; however, information on the epidemiological trends of this disease is lacking. However, the epidemiological study of the infection remains scarce and does not reflect the current information. 45 per 100,000 for 2012 and 2013, indicating leptospirosis is an emerging public health concern in Malaysia and may pose a significant health impact and burden to the nation in the coming years if not well controlled. An antibody prevalence study conducted in 1960-1961 has shown leptospirosis was endemic in rural Malaysia with an antibody prevalence ratio of 11. Introduction. Between January and September 2023 alone, the Philippines documented 3,728 cases, a significant increase from previous years. The average annual incidence of leptospirosis in the Philippines involves approximately 680 cases and 40 deaths. 82). Under the guideline published in 2011, probable or confirmed cases of leptospirosis must be notified within 1 week to the district health office. January 2018; DOI:10. 2 cases per 100,000 population in year 2015. This study aimed to describe and compare the demographic, clinical and laboratory features of leptospirosis–malaria co-infection (LMCI) against leptospirosis mono-infection (LMI) in Peninsular Malaysia. e. keuad ztggzm otc ljfeu pewed jikfk qxnejva irkjjm dfr jery curv bsdjegu ntgws xvfkj mswnt